Microbiology

Identification of Microorganisms; Purpose

To identify Microorganisms.

Identification of Microorganisms; Scope

This SOP applies for identification of Microorganisms in Microbiology Section at XX Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Definitions

GN-ID System

The GN-ID system employs 12(GNA) or 24(GN A+B) standardized biochemical substrates in microwells to identify the family of Enterobacteriaceae & other non-fastidious Gram negative bacilli (Oxidase negative and positive). The kit is planned for professional laboratory use only.

[] CPG: Colony Pigmentation.
[] CAT : Coagulate test
[] LAT : Latex Agglutination Test
[] ONPG : Ortho-Nitrophenyl β-Galactoside
[] PYR : PYRROLIDONYL ARYLAMIDASE
[] TDA : Tryptophan Deaminase Agent( Indolepyruvic Acid)
[] VP : Voges-Proskauer

Identification of Microorganisms;Responsibilities:

Executive/ Sr. Executive, Microbiology

Selection of culture and identification of Microorganisms.

Assistant Manager, Microbiology

Ensure identification and application of sound technical information.

Head of Quality Assurance

Take initiative to Approval of SOP.

Identification of Microorganisms; Procedure:

Instructions

• Before handling of micro-organisms, wear sterile latex free gloves, mask, laboratory coat & eye protection (if required).
• Make sure that all personal ornaments, cell phone are left to prevent unauthorized contamination, before entrance into the test room. The use of Cell phone in the test area is firmly prohibited.
• Do not touch any identification materials directly because all are hazardous materials.
• Keep all used materials into specific designated container.
• The reagents kits are for in vitro use only.
• Discard all used items by immersion in an appropriate disinfectant e.g. 3% of sodium hypochlorite for 30minutes. Liquid waste containing acid must be neutralized before treatment.
• Care should be taken when handling additional reagents as they may contain corrosive or irritant materials.
• Read carefully the leaflet of all reagents before use.

General Requirements for the test

Glass Apparatus :

• Sterile Screw Capped Test Tube
• Sterile Pipette 1ml/2 ml/10 ml
• Glass slide

Media and Reagents :

• Casein Soyabean Digest Agar(CSDA)
• Casein Soyabean Digest Broth(CSDB)
• Cetrimide Agar
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Kovac’s reagent
• Mac-Conkey Broth
• MacConkey Agar
• Mannitol Salt Agar
• Meat peptone
• Mineral Oil
• Neutralized Peptone
• Nitrate Reagent
• Oxidase strips
• PYR Reagent
• Rapport Vasiliadis Salmonella Broth
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• Sterile 0.85% Saline
• TDA reagent
• VP I and VP II reagents
• Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate(XLD) Agar

These media and reagent can be purchased from commercially available manufacturer.

 Others Requirements

• 70% IPA or ethanol
• Forceps
• Micropipette
• Micropipette sterile Tips
• Surgical Gloves
• Surgical Cotton
• Scissors

Identification of E. coli/ Salmonella/ Others Enterobacteriaceae/ Pseudomonas aeruginosa :

Preparation of Specimens :

• Isolate bacterial culture by streaking on the slant initially on MacConkey Agar for coli or Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar for Salmonella species & Cetrimide Agar for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Identification of Staphylococcus aureus:

Preparation of Specimens

• Isolate the bacterial culture by streaking on the slant initially on Mannitol Salt Agar.
• Sub-culture on the slant of Casein Soyabean Digest Agar.
• Perform Staining as per SOP for Staining of Micro-organisms as per approved sop
• Use always 18 to 24 hours pure culture for identification.
• Ensure that the isolate bacteria is catalase positive and Gram Positive cocci in clausters in Gram staining test.

 Inoculation and Incubation :

• Confirm that the bacteria is the genus of Staphylococcus in slide Coagulate test (CAT)
• Emulsify a single colony from an 18-24 hors culture in the suspending medium supplied in the kit.
• Mix thoroughly.
• Carefully peel back the adhesive strip sealing the microwell strip.
• Do not discard sealing strip as they will be required later.
• Using a sterile pastuer pipette, add 100 µL of the bacterial suspension to each well of the strip.
• As a purity check, transfer 1 drop of the bacterial suspension on to the purity plate of Mannitol Salt Agar.
• Incubate the purity plate aerobically at 35-370C for 18-24 hours.
• After inoculation overlay wells 10 and 11 with 100 µL of mineral oil. This well is highlighted with a black circle around the well to assist in adding oil to the correct wells.
• Seal the top of the microwell strip with the adhesive strip removed earlier and incubate at 35-370C for 18-24 hours.

Reading and Addition of  Reagents

• Remove adhesive strip & record positive reactions the aid of the color chart.
• Record results on provided forms.
• Add 1 drop of PYR reagent to well 12. Read & record the results after 10 minutes.
• Perform nitrate reduction test on well 9 after reading & recording the ONPG result.
• Add 1 drop of Nitrate A reagent &1 drop of Nitrate B reagent to well and read after 60 seconds.
• Add small amount of zinc powder, If well 7 remains yellow or colorless after addition of nitrate reagents. After addition of zinc, colorless/yellow indicates positive & red color indicates negative.
• Record these additional results on the form provided.

 Identification

• Report in the form the substrates have been organized into triples (set of 3 reactions) with each substrate assigned a numerical value (1, 2 & 4). The sum of the positive reactions for each triplet forms a single digit of the profile number that is used to determine the identity.
• Enter the profile number into identification software which generates a report of the five likely organisms in the selected database.
• The software provides identification based on probability in % up to species level.
• Sub-culture on the slant of Casein Soyabean Digest Agar.
• Perform Staining as per SOP for Staining of Micro-organisms
• Use always 18-24 hours pure culture for identification.
• Confirm that the isolated bacteria is Gram Negative bacilli.

Inoculation and Incubation :

• Carry out an Oxidase test on the isolate. Oxidase positive organisms can only be identified by inoculating both GNA and GN B microwell strips.
• Emulsify a single colony from an 18-24 hour culture in 3 ml sterile 0.85% saline for the GN A microwell strip. If both GN A and GN B strips are to be inoculated, the colony should be emulsified in 3-5 ml sterile 0.85% sterile.
• Mix methodically.
• Carefully peel back the adhesive strip sealing the microwell strip.
• Do not discard sealing strip as they will be required later.
• Using a sterile pastuer pipette, add 100 µL of the bacterial suspension to each well of the strip.
• As a purity check, transfer 1 drop of the bacterial suspension on to the purity plate of MacConkey Agar/ Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar.
• Incubate the purity plate aerobically at (35 to 37)⁰C for 18 to 24 hours.
• After inoculation overlay wells 1,2 and 3 (GN A strip counting from the tabbed end) and well 20 and 24(GN B strip-well 13 is at eht tabbed end) with 100 µL drops of mineral oil.
• Do not overlay well 20 if isolate bacteria is Oxidase positive. These wells are highlighted with a black circle around the well to assist in adding oil to the correct wells.
• Seal the top of the microwell strip with the adhesive strip are over wells 7, 11 and 12 in the GN A strip and over well in the GN B strip.
• GN A and GN B microwell strips are read after 18 to 24 hours incubation for Enterobacteriaceae and after 48 hours for Oxidase positive bacteria.

Reading and Addition of  Reagents :

GN A Strip :

• Remove adhesive strip & record positive reactions the aid of the colour chart.
• Record results on the forms provided.
• Add 2 drops of Kovac’s reagent to well 8. Read & record the results after 60 seconds.
• Add 1 drop of VP I reagent and 1 drop of VP II reagent to well 10 and read after 15-30 minutes.
• Add 1 drop of TDA reagent to well 12 and read after 60 seconds.
• Perform the nitrate reduction test on well 7 after reading and recording the ONPG result.
• Add 1 drop of Nitrate A reagent and 1 drop of Nitrate B reagent to the well and read after 60 seconds.
• Add small amount of zinc powder, If well 7 remains yellow or colorless after addition of nitrate reagents, After addition of zinc, colorless/yellow indicates positive and red color indicates negative.
• Record these additional results on the form provided.

 GN B Strip

[] Remove the adhesive strip and record all positive reactions with the aid of the color chart.

Record the result

[] The gelatin well 13 must be read after 18-24 hours for Enterobacteriaceae and after 48 hours for Oxidase positive isolates. A positive gelatin liquefaction result is indicated by black particles visible throughout the well.
[] Arginine well  is interpreted differentially after 24 hours an 48 hours incubations as below :

After 24 hours:

[] Yellow indicates negative
[] Green/Blue indicated positive.

After 48 hours (Oxidase Positive organisms)

[] Yellow/Green : Negative
[] Blue : Positive

Identification :

[] Report form GN A+B, the substrates have been organized into triples (set of 3 reactions) with each substrate assigned a numerical value (1, 2 & 4). The sum of the positive reactions for each triplet forms a single digit of the profile number, that is used to determined the identity.
[] Enter the profile number into identification software which generates a report of the five likely organisms in the selected database.
[] The software provides identification based on probability in % up to species level.

Staining of microorganism; Purpose

To stain the microorganism in order to identify the bacteria or fungi.

Scope

This SOP is applicable to stain bacteria and Yeast/mould in Microbiology Section of General Building at XX Pharmaceuticals Limited.

Definitions 

Staining

This the auxiliary technique which is mainly used to enhance contrast in microscopy on a microscopic image. The main application of stain and dyes in medicine and biology sector to highlight the structure of biological tissue.

Gram Staining 

Gram stain is the most useful staining technique engaged in bacteriology, is a differential stain. By using this technique, it is possible to divide bacteria into two different groups- Gram Positive & Gram Negative.

Endospore Staining

Spore stain is a most useful staining technique engaged in bacteriology is a structural stains. By this technique, it is possible to detect the presence & position of endospore in the bacteria.

Responsibilities:

Executive/ Sr. Executive, Microbiology

Initiative of subculture of Microorganisms, perform staining & report preparation.

Manager, Microbiology

Confirm staining techniques, safety report checking, document preservation & application of sound technical information.

Head of Quality Assurance

Approval of SOP

Procedure:

Instructions

• Standard microorganisms are usually non-pathogenic but those are unscrupulous pathogen. So before handling it, wear protective items such as sterile wear sterile latex free gloves, laboratory coat & eye protection (if necessary).
• Don’t move vigorously into test area. Move always softly.
• After completion of subculture or transfer of pellets, disinfect outer surface of the vial or test or plate with 70% IPA.
• Remove all used items those are directly contacted with standard micro-organisms. Leave it at designated containers safely.
• Ensure that the waste container is tightly capped until perform autoclaving.
• Don’t touch the apparatus directly in open hands those are used.
• Make sure that all personal ornaments, cell phone are left to prevent unauthorized contamination, before entrance into the test room.

Simple Staining

Staining Reagents

Methylene blue Stock Solution :

• Methylene Blue         2.g
• Distilled Water          100 ml

Methylene blue Staining Solution :

• 0.2 % of Methylene Blue Solution  12.5 ml
• Distilled Water                                87.5 ml

Crystal Violet Solution

• Crystal Violet            2.0 g
• Ethyl alcohol 95%    20 ml
• NH4 Oxalate            0.8 g
• Distilled Water         100 ml

Carbol Fuchsin(Zeihl-Neelsen)  Solution

• Fuschin                     1 g
• Ethanol                     10 ml
• Phenol                       5 g
• DistilledWater           200ml

Dissolve Fuschin in alcohol and dissolve phenol in water, then mix the two solutions.

 Apparatus

• Glass slide 3 x 1 inch
• Pipettes
• Gas Burner or spirit Lamp

Staining Technique:

• Clean & dry microscope slides thoroughly.
• Flame the surface in which the smear is to be spread.
• Flame the inoculating loop properly.
• Transfer a loop full of tap Water to the flamed slide surface.
• Reflame the loop making sure that the entire length of the wire that will enter the tube has been heated to redness.
• Remove the tube cap with the fingers of the hand holding the loop.
• Flame the tube mouth.
• Touch inoculating loop to the inside of the tube to make sure it is not so hot that it will distort the bacterial cells;  then pick up a pinhead size sample of the bacterial growth without digging into the agar.
• Reflame tube mouth, replace can, and put tube back in the holder.
• Disperse bacteria on the loop in the drop of water on the slide and spread the drop over an area the size of a dime.  It should be a thin, even smear.
• Reflame the inoculating loop to redness including the entire length that entered the tube.
• Allow the smear to dry thoroughly.
• Heat-fix the smear cautiously by passing the underside of the slide through the burner flame two or  three times.
• Test the temperature of slide after each pass against back of the hand.  It has been heated adequately when it feels hot but can still be held against the skin for several seconds.  Excessive heat will distort the cells.
• Stain smear by flooding it with one of the staining solutions & allowing it to remain covered with stain for time designated below.
• Methylene blue: 1 minute
• Crystal violet: 30 seconds
• Carbol Fuchsin: 20 seconds
• During staining the slide may be placed on the rack or held in the fingers.
• At the end of the designated time rinse off the excess stain with gently running tap water.  Rinse thoroughly.
• Wipe the back of the slide and blot the stained surface with bibulous paper or with a paper towel.
• Place the stained smear on the microscope stage smear side up and focus the smear using the 10x objective.
• Choose an area of the smear in which the cells are well spread in a monolayer.  Center the area to be studied.
• Apply oil directly to the smear, and focus the smear under oil with the 100X objective.
• Draw the cells observed.

 

Gram Staining Method

Stain and Reagents

Crystal Violet Solution

• Crystal Violet                 2.0 g
• Ethyl alcohol 95%         20 ml
• NH4 Oxalate                 0.8 g
• Distilled Water              100 ml

Gram’s Iodine

• Iodine Crystals              1.0 g
• Potassium Iodide          2.0 g
• Distilled Water              100 ml

Docolorizer :

• Acetone                         50 ml
• Ethanol 96%                  50 ml

Counterstain :

• Safranin                         2.5 g
• Ethanol 95%                 100 ml
• Distilled Water              100 ml

Apparatus :

• Glass slide 3 x 1 inch
• Pipettes
• Gas Burner or spirit Lamp

Staining Technique

• Use always young culture of (18 to 24) hours that the differentiation in cell wall structures is retained.
• Do not use old cultures due to lose Gram Positiveness.
• Make smear, and dry in air and fix by flaming.
• Stain with crystal violet for about 30 seconds.
• Rinse with the water.
• Cover smear with Gram’s iodine for about 30 seconds.
• Rinse with the water.
• Decolorize with 95% ethanol. For a thin smear, 10-20 seconds is long enough; after the proper time interval, alcohol
• Drippings from the slide are no longer colored.
• Rinse with the water.
• Counterstain with safranin solution for 20-30 seconds.
• Rinse with water and blot dry.
• Examine under the oil-immersion objectives.

Interpretation of Result :

• Gram positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye after de-colorization and appear deep blue or purple colour.
• Gram negative bacteria are not capable of retaining the crystal violet dye after de-colorization and are counterstained red or pink by the safranin dye.

Endospore staining :

Stain and reagents :

• Malachine Green solution
• Malachite green        5 g
• Distilled Water          100 ml

Counterstain Solution

• Safranin                   2.5 g
• Ethanol 95%           100 ml
• Distilled water         10 ml

Apparatus

• Glass slide 3 x 1 inch
• Pipettes
• Gas burner

Slide Cleaning :

• Clean the slide by immersion in concentrated Sulphuric Acid saturated with Potassium dichromate for several days for removal of grease from slide.
• Place drop water on the surface of the slide, if water is spread over its surface indicates the slide is cleaned properly.

Staining Technique

• Prepare smear, dry in air and fix by flaming.
• Place the slides on a staining rack.
• Cover the smear and keep saturated with malachite green 5% aqueous solution and continue heating for 5 minutes.
• Wash gently with the water.
• Counterstain with safranin for 30 seconds.
• Wash with water and blot dry.
• Examine under the oil-immersion objectives.

Interpretation of result :

The endospore stains green and the remainder of the cell (or a cell without an endospore) stains light red.

The phase microscope is effective in observing the endospore without staining where it appears as a dense white structure in the cell. If a phase microscope is available, observe the unstained endospore in cultures of Bacillus and Clostridium species.

Effluent Water Test ; Purpose:

To ensure that effluent water is analyzed to meet In-house specification in order to minimize environmental pollution.

Scope:

This SOP applies for analysis of effluent water in Quality Control Section and Microbiology Laboratory at XX Pharmaceuticals Limited.

Definition/Abbreviation:  

BOD:  Biological Oxygen Demand

Responsibilities:

The roles and responsibility is as follows:

Microbiologist/Officer, QC

Sample collection and analysis of effluent water & test report preparation.

Manager, Microbiology/Asst. Manager, QC

Ensure sampling, analysis, documentation & application of sound technical information.

Manager, Quality Assurance

Approval of SOP.

Procedure:

Instructions

• Care should be taken during sampling because effluent water is hazardous and toxic.
• Wear gloves, mask during sampling and testing.
• Discard all used materials, glassware, gloves at the end of work after autoclaving.

Sample Collection:

• Take clean & dry of 2 Liters flask for chemical test sample.
• Sterilize sampling container at 121⁰C for 15 minutes for microbiology test.
• Take effluent water sample at least 2 Liters for chemical test.
• For microbiology test, take sample into three of 250 ml BOD bottle.
• Drop cap on the mouth of BOD bottle tightly.
• Ensure the BOD bottle is free from any bubble.
• Don’t expose container outside area of Laboratory.
• Carry out sample into Quality Control & Microbiology Laboratory.

Sample Preservation

Preserve sample at 2 to 8⁰C for not more than 24 hours.

Test Frequency

Carry out test once in every three months.

 Chemical & Microbiological tests as follows

Perform the test as per Analytical Method of Effluent Water.

Report preparation:

Report of the test result in Effluent Water Test Report, Annexure-I.

 Distribution of Result

• After completion of analysis, inform status to the Engineering Department.
• If any test result found out of specification, repeat test to be done.
• If repeat test result found out of specification then inform to Engineering Department for corrective action.
• After corrective action, collect the sample & carry out the test.

Annexure:

Download the Annexure Here: Report

Bioassay; Purpose

Bioassay; To determine the potency of antibiotics of raw materials & products which are specified in different Pharmacopeia.

Bioassay; Scope

This SOP is applicable for Biological Assay of Antibiotics in Microbiology Section at XX Pharmaceuticals Limited.

Definitions

Microbial Assay

In Microbial assay the potency or concentration of a chemical substance (especially antibiotics) may be determined by its effect on the growth of a defined microorganism.

Responsibilities

Executive/Senior Executive, Microbiology

Assay plate preparation, assay dilution, inoculation, zone reading and report preparation.

Manager, Microbiology

Ensure that all activities of Biological assay, document preservation & application of sound technical information.
Checking SOP that the relevant technical information is applied.

 Bioassay Procedure

Instructions

• Standard microorganisms are usually non-pathogenic but those are unscrupulous pathogen. So before handling it, wear protective items such as sterile wear sterile latex free gloves, laboratory coat & eye protection (if required).
• Advised to move softly at Test area not vigorously.
• After completion of sub-culture or transfer of pellets, disinfect the outer surface of vial or test or plate with 70% IPA.
• Remove all used items those are directly contacted with standard micro-organisms. Leave it at designated containers safely.
• Ensure waste container is properly capped until autoclaving.
• Don’t touch apparatus directly in open hands those are used.
• To lessen the contamination, make sure that all personal ornaments, cell phone are left before enter into the test room/area’.

Sterilization of Apparatus & Glassware:

• Sterilize all glassware including Latin Square Plate and others heat stable apparatus at 200⁰C for 60 minutes in hot air oven using a validated process.
• Use the glassware when the temperature reduce below 40^0′

Preparation of Culture Media:

• Select the media & diluents as per instruction of BP or USP.
• Prepare 300 ml of particular media as per indication by manufacturer instructions.
• Bring to boil for dissolve completely.
• Sterilize at 121⁰C for at least 15 minutes.
• Cool media approximately to 45⁰C to 50⁰C
• Allow to solidify the agar media to prepare the slope.

Preparation of Test solution

• Prepare different concentrations of Test Solution to determine of the lowest dose for detectable zone of inhibitions.
• Select & prepare two concentrations of the Test solution as “High Dose” and “Low Dose”.

Preparation of Standard solution

• Prepare different concentrations of Standard Solution to determine of the lowest dose for detectable zone of inhibitions.
• Select & prepare two concentrations of Standard solution as “High Dose” & “Low Dose”.

Preparation of Microorganisms Suspension:

For Spore suspension preparation

• Prepare 140ml of Nutrient agar medium.
• Aseptically Pour the medium on a petri plate (190mm).
• Allow the medium to solidify.
• Keep plate in refrigerator for 30 minutes.
• After 30 minutes take out plate & streak whole plate with the desired organism aseptically.
• Keep plate for incubation at 35⁰C for 7 days.
• After incubation period take out the culture with the aid of sterilized glass beads & pre-sterilized saline water by rotating plate.
• Pour culture suspension along with few of those glass beads in a 100ml flask containing 50ml of sterilized saline.
• Heat culture suspension at 70⁰C for 30 minutes in a water bath for spore formation.
• Cool suspension & then keep inside a refrigerator between (2 to 8)⁰
• Don’t use the spore suspension more than 60 days.

For Maintenance of Sub-culture of Vegetative bacteria

• Before using a culture maintained in a slant, subculture the organism in another slant containing a specified medium.
• Keep slant for incubation at (30 to 35)⁰C for 24 to 30 hours.
• Store the slant in the refrigerator at not more than 7 days.

 Method: Plate Diffusion:

• Select Latin Square Plate of 12” X 12” size.
• Place plate on a leveled surface after sterilization.
• To the medium( 45 to 50)⁰C add the organism mentioned in above chart for a particular antibiotic in required amount.
• Shake flask gently to distribute organism throughout the medium.
• Pour medium on plate & allow it to stand for 30 minutes before placing lid in position.
• Transfer plate into refrigerator.
• When required for use, cut cups in agar by means of a sterile cork borer of 8mm diameter.
• Remove each disc of agar with a “spear” so that the surrounding is not lifted.

Application of solution to Assay Plate :

• Enter details of the sample numbers, weight & dilutions on the assay report form, after diluting the standard and test solutions, There is an assay report form for each plate.
• Concentrated solutions are coded with H (High dose) and the lower concentrated solutions are coded with L (Low dose).
• Apply using a standard (100 ±1) µL the solutions to the assay plate in the order of the design.
• Starting at top left hand corner & working from left to right across the rows down to the bottom right hand corner.
• Once started, plating out should be continuous, as it is important that solutions are placed in cups at regular interval.
• Keep the plate about one hour for proper diffusion.
• After diffusion lid the plate with glass lid.

Incubation of Assay Plate

Incubate assay plate for (16 to 20) hours at 37⁰C for antibiotic or 25⁰C for antifungal.

Measurement of the Zone Diameters

• Place the assay plate on a photographic light box.
• Measure zone of inhibition using Varnier calipers.
• Start at top left hand corner and measure the diameter of the zone accurately.
• Continue measuring zones from left to right on row 1, then right to left on row 2.
• Repeat the procedure until all 64 zones have been properly measured.

Bioassay; Calculation of Potencies:

• Sum high & low doses for each standard ( S₁&S₂)
• Sum high & low doses for each test sample (T₁& T₂)
• Substrate test treatment totals from standard treatment total. This will give a plus or a

Minus figure = D, D = (T₁ +T₂)-(S₁ +S₂).

• B = (Sum of high doses of test, T1 – Sum of low doses of test solution, T₂) + (Sum of high doses of

Standard, S₁– Sum of low doses of standard, S₂)

• Calculate the “Dilution factor of high-test sample (F)” by dividing “Weight of sample” taken by “Total

Volume of dilution” up to high doses.

• Log ratio of dilution (I) = Log (High dose concentration ÷ Low dose concentration)

Actual weight

Calculate “Potency of High Standard (H) = ———————– X. High dose concentration                                                             Theoretical weight

Potency (P) = Antilog (D/B x I) x F x H.

Report the result in Biological Assay Report, Annexure-I.

Download Annexure: Bioassay Report

Environmental Monitoring; Purpose

Environmental Monitoring; To describe the procedure for Environmental monitoring.

Scope

Environmental monitoring in  XX Pharmaceuticals Ltd

Definitions

Environmental monitoring:

Monitoring of viable and non-viable quality of a controlled environment

Particulate count:

[] Enumeration of non-viable particulate of specific size from a particular volume of air of a controlled
Environment.
[] Settle Plate: Exposure of petri-plates of nutrient media in a controlled environment to estimate viable
Microorganisms from the environment.
[] TSA: Tryptone Soya Agar
[] CFU: Colony Forming Unit

Responsibilities

The roles and responsibility is as follows:

Lab. Attendant

Room preparation for Test

Executive, Microbiology

Carry out the test and incubation & documentation

Sr. Executive, Microbiology

To ensure test, incubation, report checking, document preservation & application of sound technical information.

Head of Plant

Review of the SOP & the relevant technical information is applied.

Head of Quality Assurance

Take initiative to Approve of this SOP.

Procedure:

Instructions

• Don’t rub during contact plate sampling.
• Use the sterile filter holder.
• Place the filter paper on the filter holder carefully under laminar airflow.
• Try to avoid unwanted personal contamination during air sampling.
• Monitoring to be carried out before production hours. (Sterile products)

Non-viable Particle monitoring:

• Bring the laser particle counter into the specific monitoring area.
• Enter into clean room, wearing approved designated dress. When entering into the clean area, before taking reading make sure that all the doors remain closed.
• Operate the Particle counter following approved SOP.
• Take count of different several position for each room as indicated in sampling point. Count the number particles (5µ and 0.5 µ) form each sampling point. The average of the counted particle indicates the total particles of a room.

The minimum sampling time should be as per following formula (Following EN ISO 14644-1)

Vs=(20/Cn,m ) x 100

Where,

• Vs = is the minimum single sampling volume per sampling point, expressed in liter.
• Cn,m = is the class limit (number of particles per cubic meter) for the largest considered
  particle size, specified for the relevant class.
• 20 = is the defined number of particles that could be counted if the particle concentration
  were at the class limit.

Specification: Follow Annexure-III.

Write down the result in the format of Annexure-I.

 

Viable count:

Settle Plate

• Prepare, sterilize & dispense the media TSA into the petriplates and pre-incubate the plates.
• Check the pre-incubated plates for any evidence of microbiological contamination under the LAF bench.
• Discard the plates contains microbiological growth.
• Decontaminate the external surface of petriplates with sterile cloth /cotton soaked in a sanitizing agent (70% IPA).
• Place required number of petriplate in a sterilized /sanitized SS container; close the lid of SS container.
• Transfer SS box to the area to be monitored.
• Enter respective area as per the SOP of Entry and Exit procedure.

Mark Petri plates with the following details-

1. Name of the sampling point
2. Room No.
3. Date of exposure

• Place petriplates on corresponding designated plate exposure area and remove
  the upper lid of the petriplates. Note the beginning time of the exposure and write it on
  the plate.
• Place upper lid on edge of petriplates in slanting position.
• Expose media plates at sampling point for Maximum 4 hours.
• After completion of exposure, close petriplates with lid.
• Collect petriplates in the SS container and bring back exposed plates to microbiology Laboratory.
• Incubate all exposed petri plates in inverted position in laboratory Incubator.
• Incubate at (22.5 ± 2.5)°C for mold and Yeast for 72 hours followed by another 48 hours for bacteria at (32.5 ± 2.5)°C. After incubation count the number of colony forming units (CFU) per plate per sampling point with colony counter.

• Incubate an unexposed media filled petriplates along with the exposed plates and mark it as negative control.
• Count the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) per plate per location with colony counter. The average of colony indicates total CFU of a room.

Write down observation in the format attached as Annexure-II.

Air Sampling:

• Set instrument for desired sampling time & flow rate as per Approved SOP.
• Take air sampler to location where air is to be sampled, hold it with filter facing at required direction and take air sample following approved SOP.
• Collect filter under laminar airflow & place it inside on petriplates containing TSA[Tryptone Soya Agar ] media.
• Incubate all exposed petri plates in inverted position in the microbiology laboratory Incubator. Incubate at the (22.5 ± 2.5)°C for mold & Yeast for 72 hours followed by another 48 hours for bacteria at (32.5 ± 2.5)°C. After incubation count the number of colony forming units (CFU) per plate per location with colony counter.
• Follow sampling location.
• Record observation in format attached as Annexure-II.
• Calculate number of organisms per cubic meter of air. Average colony indicates total cfu of a room.

Surface monitoring (By swab sampling):

• Use sterilized swab or sterilize the swab in the autoclave.
• Place required number of sterilized swab sticks with tube containing 5 ml of sterile saline
  solution in a Sterilized SS container & tightly secure lid of the SS container.
• Transfer SS box to area to be monitored.
• Enter respective area as per SOP of entry and exit procedure.

Remove swab sticks with tubes from the SS box & take it to the location to be monitored and Mark tube with following details:

1. Location number or Name of the location
2. Swab No.
3. Date of sampling

• Hold swab stick from bottom & place tip on surface to be monitored. Gently wipe the swab bi-directionally to cover an area about 25 cm2.
• Perform swab sampling for each defined locations.
• Keep swab sample standing in the SS container & bring it to Laboratory.
• Gently vortexes swab sampling tube containing swab stick & pour contents in filter holder funnel and filter it. Uses the respective SOP.
• Rinse tube with 3 x 10 ml of sterile saline solution.
• Filter test sample under partial vacuum.
• Rinse Funnel with the portions of sterile Purified Water. This flushes residue from walls of funnel & helps to secure a uniform distribution of colonies on filter surface. Upon completion of rinse & filtration process, shut off vacuum.
• Transfer membrane filter with sterile smooth-tip forceps on to Microbial content test agar (TSA) plate.
• Place filter with a rolling motion to avoid entrapment of air.
• Keep a negative control by filtering 100 ml Purified Water(Sterile) before filtering actual test sample.
• Pass 20 to 30 ml of sterile Purified Water through funnel, between different test samples when the same funnel used for multiple sample.
• Incubate all exposed petriplates in inverted position in microbiology laboratory Incubator. Incubate at (22.5 ± 2.5)°C for mold and Yeast for 72 hours followed by another 48 hours for bacteria at (32.5 ± 2.5°)C. After incubation count number of colony forming units (CFU) per plate per location with colony counter.
• Count number of colony forming units (CFU) per plate per location with colony counter.

Note down the observation in the format attached as Annexure-II

Surface monitoring (By contact plate):

• Fill Petridishes with TSA culture medium & pre-incubate.
• Take off the lid of plates.
• Invert & press agar surface for 10 seconds onto surface to be examined.
• Replace lid & mark plate with appropriate data.
• Clean sampling area on surface in order to remove any remaining of agar.
• Return plates to laboratory.
• Incubate all exposed petriplates in inverted position in microbiology laboratory Incubator. Incubate at (22.5 ± 2.5)°C for mold and Yeast for 72 hours followed by another 48 hours for bacteria at (32.5 ± 2.5°)C. After incubation count number of colony forming units (CFU) per plate per location with colony counter.
• Take count of visible colonies within mean of plate
• Express results as CFU per contact plate.
• Perform appropriate identification of germs found by surface monitoring..Classified area should free of pathogenic microorganism.

Note down the observation in the format attached as Annexure-II.

Sampling Location:

Determine Number of sampling location by following formula.

N_L    = √A

Where,

N_L   = the minimum number of sampling locations, rounded up to a hole number.

A= Area of the clean room or clean air controlled space in m^2.

^{Environmental Monitoring Procedure as per Pharmacopeia}

Download All Annexure Here: Environmental Monitoring

• Annexure-I: Environmental Monitoring (Non-Viable Particle Count) Test Report
• Annexure-II: Environmental Monitoring (Viable Particle Count) Test Report
• Annexure-III: Environmental Monitoring specification
• Annexure-IV: Log book of environmental monitoring

Schedule: Environmental Monitoring

• Environmental monitoring Test Schedule

Suitability of Microbial Count Method; Purpose

Suitability of Microbial Count Method; To confirm the ability & the suitability of the test to detect microorganisms in the presence of a product or Raw Materials as per the In-house or Pharmacopoeia specifications.

 Scope

This SOP is applicable for Microbial Count Method Validation in Microbiology Section of XX Pharmaceuticals Limited.

 Definitions

Microbial count Suitability: Microbial Count suitability is to confirm that the test dilution is free from any type of interfering substances or antimicrobial properties that will recover by dilution or the addition of a neutralizer to detect microorganisms in the presence of the product.

• CSDA: Casein Soybean Digest Agar
• CSDB: Casein Soyabean Digest Broth
• LAF: Laminar Air Flow
• SDA: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• SDB: Sabouraud Dextrose broth

Responsibilities

The roles and responsibility is defined as follows:

Executive/ Sr. Executive, Microbiology

Preparation & inoculation of standard culture, carry out test & arrange appropriate document preparation.

Asst. Manager/Manager, Microbiology

Ensure of method suitability, documentation and application of sound technical information.

Head of Quality Assurance

Taking Initiative to Approval of this SOP

Procedure

Instructions

Safety Precautions

• When enter into the test area, wear sterile latex free gloves, Laboratory coat and eye protection (if required).
• To prevent unauthorized contamination, make sure that all personal ornaments, cell phone are left before enter into the test room. The use of Cellular phone in the test room is strictly prohibited.
• Don’t move vigorously into the test area. Move always gently.

General Requirements

Glass Apparatus

• Pipette 2 ml, 10 ml
• Sterilized 90 mm Glass Petridish
• Screw capped Conical Flask 100 ml
• Screw Capped Test Tube
• Volumetric Flask 500 ml
• Volumetric Flask 1000 ml

Media and Reagents

• Casein Soyabean Digest Agar(CSDA)
• Casein Soyabean Digest Broth(CSDB)
• Meat peptone
• Neutralized Peptone
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• Sabouraud Dextrose Broth

These media can be purchased from commercially available manufacturers.

 Others Requirements

• 45 µm Membrane Filter
• 70% IPA or ethanol
• Filtration Unit( sterilized filter disk and filtering funnel)
• Forceps
• Glass spreader
• Scissor
• Surgical Cotton
• Surgical Gloves

General Procedures

Test Conditions

• Wear gloves, mask/beard mask Headgear before entrance into Testing Room.
• Disinfectant hands, the outer surface of test sample, LAF workstation with the help of 70% IPA or ethanol before starting the test.
• Carry out the test under LAF to avoid any type of contamination.
• Monitor the test area microbiologically using Microbial Air Sampler at each working day.

Culture Media Preparation

• Prepare the different culture media as per the requirement.
• Weigh the mentioned amount as per manufacturer label into appropriate flask.
• Bring to boil completely to dissolve the media.
• Sterilize at 121⁰C for 15 minutes or as per Manufacturer label.
• Store the prepared culture media in air tight flask at controlled environment.
• Store prepared agar media at (2-8)⁰C
• Preserve dehydrated culture media up to its expiry date.
• Never use expired culture media.
• Use the agar media when the temperature reduce to 45⁰C and cools in case of the broth media.

Stock Buffer Solution

• Take 34 g of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate[KH₂PO₄] in a 1000 ml volumetric flask.
• Dissolve in 500 ml Purified Water, adjust to pH [7.2 ± 0.2] then dilute to 1000 ml with Purified Water.
• Dispense 90 ml into each screw capped flask[Approx. 11 containers].
• Sterilize at 121⁰C for 15 minutes.
• Store the prepared buffer at 2-8⁰C for a validated period.

Glassware Cleaning & Sterilization

• Clean glassware by 1% detergent initially then rinse with sufficient tap water.
• Rinse finally with sufficient Purified Water to remove the residual content of detergent.
• Sterilize glassware at 200⁰C for 1 hour.

 Sample Preparation

Water-soluble samples

Take 1 gm or 1 ml into the 9 ml CSDB [Casein Soybean Digest Broth] or phosphate buffer or Sodium chloride peptone solutions.

Water-insoluble samples

Take 1 g or 1 ml into the 9 ml CSDB [Casein Soybean Digest Broth] or phosphate buffer or Sodium chloride peptone solutions and add 0.1% Polysorbate 80.

Fatty Products

Dissolve with Isopropyl Myristate sterilized by filtration with low amount of Polysorbate 80 or anther non-inhibitory sterile surface active agent  or necessary heat not more than 45⁰C.

Inoculation and Dilution:

• To maintain of not more than100 cfu, add adequate volume of suspension of inoculums to the sample.
• Add the inoculums suspension not more than 1% of diluted product.
• Prepare lowest possible dilution for acceptable microbial recovery of sample.
• Add neutralizer for removal of Interfering factor when [If] the sample contains any antimicrobial properties.

Follow Table-1 for the inactivators of  Antimicrobial agents.

If growth is inhibited, then increase use of diluents or membrane filtration or combination of all above.

 

 

Suitability of Counting Method:

[] Membrane Filtration Method

[] Most Probable Number Method

[] Pour Plate Method

[] Surface-spread plate Method

Pour Plate Method :

• Add 1 ml prepared sample to the 90 mm diameter Petridish
• Pour (20~25) ml of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar(SDA) for fungi and Casein Soybean Digest Agar(CSDA) for Bacterial count both media being not more than 45⁰
• If larger Petridish [more than 90 mm diameter] is used amount of media to be increased accordingly.
• Perform plate count methods at least in duplicate for each medium and use the mean count of the result.
• Inoculate the microorganisms not more than 100 cfu as indicated Table 2.
• Mix properly & incubate CSDA plate at (30~35)⁰C for 3 days, SDA plate at (20~25)⁰C for 5 days.
• After incubation, count the colony on each plate.
• Take arithmetic mean of the count per medium.

Surface-Spread Plate Method

• Add (20~25) ml of SCDA and SDA to 90 mm diameter petridish at least duplicate.
• Allow to solidify and dry the plate under Laminar Air Flow cabinet or incubator.
• Spread not less than 0.1 ml (equal to or less than 100 cfu) of each microorganisms as indicated in Table 1 on the surface of medium
• Incubate at CSDA plate at (30~35)⁰C for 3 days, SDA plate at (20-25)⁰C for 5 days.
• After incubation, count the colony of each plate.
• Take arithmetic mean of the count per medium.

Membrane Filtration Method

• Use the membrane filter which nominal pore size is not more than 0.45µm.
• Filter prepared sample through membrane.
• Rinse membrane filter with sterile 0.1% meat peptone solution or any others suitable diluents for neutralization of the sample.
• Add inoculums to filter as indicated in Table 1 & rinse again.
• Transfer filter on the surface of CSDA plate & SDA plate.
• Incubate CSDA plate at (30 to 35)⁰C for 3 days, SDA plate at (20 to 25)⁰C for 5 days.
• After incubation, ten count the colony of each plate.
• Take arithmetic mean of the count per medium.

Test Control

Negative Control: Use diluents in place of test preparations. There must be no growth found in the negative control. If found any growth in the negative control, then the test is invalid & repeat the test.

 

Result and Interpretation

Mean count of any of test microorganisms not differing by a factor greater than 2 from value of the control defined in absence of product must be obtained.

Repeat test by increasing neutralizer or dilution or any treatment for overcome of antimicrobial properties of products. If the above criteria cannot be met for one or more microorganisms.

Test Report Preparation

Prepare Report the result in Suitability Report of Microbial Count Method, Annexure-I.

Annexure

Annexure-I: Suitability of Microbial Count:
Suitability Test Report of Microbial Count Method

Microbiological Media disposal; Purpose

Microbiological Media disposal; To dispose of the used media properly in order to lessen Microbiology Laboratory Contamination as well as environmental pollution.

 Scope

This SOP is applicable for the disposal of used Media in the Microbiology Laboratory at XX Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Definition

N/A

Responsibilities

The roles and responsibilities are as follows:

Laboratory Attendant

Clean & disinfect used media

Executive/ Sr. Executive, Microbiology

• Monitor disposal activity accordingly.
• Follow the instructions of this procedure appropriately.
• Follow the instructions of this procedure properly.

Asst. Manager, Microbiology

• Confirm proper disposal of used media.
• Confirm that this procedure is kept up to date.
• Confirm suitable personnel from the section are trained in this practice.
• Confirm that SOP is technically sound and reflects the required practices.

 Head of Quality Assurance

Approval of this SOP

Procedure

Instructions

• Appropriately wear heat-resistant gloves, eye protection, and laboratory coat during handling autoclaved media.
• Avoid autoclaving the sealed containers or completely filled bottles with narrow necks as they may explode.
• Don’t expose any used media container or plate outside the Laminar Air Flow cabinet.
• Wash and disinfect both hands after handling used media.

Collection of Used Media

• Wear suitable garments, gloves, and mask.
• Wear safety goggles if hazardous media are subject to being discarded.
• Collect all the media to be disposed of in the designated vessel after use.
• Close the mouth of the vessel tightly.

 Sterilization

• Attach the Autoclave Tap with the vessel.
• Place the vessel into a sterilizer and sterilize at 121⁰ C & 15 lbs for 30 minutes.
• Check that the color of the autoclave tap is turned black.

Discard Method

• After autoclaving, collect the media in a specific container when the temperature comes down to 50⁰ to 55⁰ C and overlay the media with 40% formaldehyde solution.
• Keep the media for 30 minutes.
• Dispose of the media into the drain which is linked with ETP.
• Rinse the vessel properly with hot water.
• Wash the vessel with detergent.
• Disinfect the whole vessel with 70% Iso Propyl Alcohol and dry the vessel.

Record Maintain:

Maintain Register of Media Disposal Record in Annexure-I.

Download the Annexure: Media Disposal Record

[Microbiological Analysis of water; this article describes the basic procedure of Microbiological Analysis of water as per different guidelines]

Purpose

Microbiological Analysis of water; To confirm that different type of Water used for different drug processing, cleaning and drinking purpose meets the required Pharmacopoeia & In-house specifications.

Scope

This SOP applies for sampling and analysis of all types of water used in this plant.

Definition/Abbreviation

None

Responsibilities

The roles and responsibility is as follows

Lab Attendant

Sample collection of different types of water.

Executive / Sr. Executive, Microbiology

Verify, Monitoring of Sample collection, analysis of Water, and test preparation of report accordingly.

Asst. Manager/Manager, Microbiology

• Confirm sampling, analysis, documentation, and application of appropriate technical information.
• Review of this SOP that the whole procedure is technically informative and in execution condition.

Head of Quality Assurance

Take initiate to the approval of SOP

Procedure

Instructions

• Disinfect the outer surface of the sampling point with the help of 70% IPA.
• Wear sterilized latex-free gloves and an appropriate mask. Never forget to wear a beard mask where required.
• Never open the sample container before & after the collection of a specific sample.

Sample Collection

• Select the sampling point as per the schedule of the Water Test accordingly.
• Before sampling sterilized the sampling containers for microbiology test at 121⁰C for 15 minutes and label it accordingly.
• Wear appropriate Laboratory garments, gloves, and mask as required.
• Disinfect the outer surface of the sampling points with the help of 70% IPA.
• Discharge water for at least 2 minutes for the user points during the collection of sample and 1 minute for a storage tank in the water treatment plant.
• Collect water from each point at least 200 ml into the sterilized container for microbiology test.
• Collect the sample as soon as possible.
• Close the container after sampling and don’t expose the container for microbiology test.

Sample Preservation

• Samples shall be analyzed as soon as possible after being collected. If it is not possible to test the sample within about 3 hours of collection.
• The sample may be preserved at refrigerated temperatures (2-8⁰C) for maximum 12 hours to maintain the microbial attributes until analysis.

Test Schedule:

Perform the test as per the following schedule

Microbiological tests are as follows:

Potable/Pretreated Water

• Perform the test as per Analytical Method

Drinking water

• Perform the test as per QC Analytical Method

Purified Water

• Perform the test as per QC Analytical Method

Water for Injection

• Perform the test as per QC Analytical Method

Report preparation:

• Report of Potable/ Pretreated/ Drinking water Test Result in Annexure-I,
• Report of Purified Water Test Result in Annexure-II &
• Report of Water for Injection in Annexure-IV.

 Distribution of Water Test Result

• After completion of the analysis, inform the status of water test to a specific department.
• If any test result exceeds alert level or is out of specification, immediately inform to concerned department Head and engineering department also for corrective measurement.
• After taking corrective action, Engineering Department shall inform to Microbiology Section for further sample collection.
• Microbiology Section shall collect the sample from that area to carry out the analysis.
• After completion of the test, inform about the test result to concerned department after approval of Head Quality Assurance

Microbiological Analysis of water:

 Download All Annexure Here
Potable Water Test Report Annex I
Purified Water Test Report Annex II
Water Test Record (Log Book) Annex III
Water for Injection Test Report Annex IV

Microbial Examination of Non-Sterile Raw Materials and Products Purpose

Microbial Examination of Non-Sterile Raw Materials and Products, To confirm that the bacterial & fungal count in the non sterile products & raw materials are within the In-house / Pharmacopoeia specification & free from certain microorganisms indicated in Pharmacopeia.

Scope

This SOP is applicable for microbiological test of Non-sterile Products such such as Oral Liquid, Semi-solid, Solid preparations and Raw Materials in Microbiology Section.

Definitions

Microbial Examination: Microbial examination is designed to determine the microbial contamination in non-sterile   products intended for Oral liquid, Topical Preparations or other non-sterile applications & Raw Materials.

• CSDA: Casein Soyabean Digest Agar
• CSDM: Casein Soyabean Digest Medium
• SDA  : Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• SDB  : Sabouraud Dextrose Broth
• TAMC : Total Aerobic Microbial Count
• TYMC: Total Yeast & Mould Count

Responsibilities

The roles and responsibility is as follows:

Laboratory Attendant

Preparation Room for Microbiological Test

Microbiologist

Perform the test and incubation and in time proper documentation

Asst. Manager/Manager, Microbiology

Confirm test, incubation, report checking, document preservation and application of precise technical information.

Head of Quality Assurance

Take initiative regarding approval of this SOP

Procedure

Personal Precautions

• During enter into the test area, wear sterile gloves, Lab coat and eye protection (if necessary).
• To prevent unauthorized contamination, make sure that all personal ornaments, cell phone are left before entrance into the test room. The use of all type of Cell phone in the test area is strictly prohibited.
• Don’t move forcefully into the test area. Move always gently.

General Requirements for the test

Glass Apparatus:

• Pipette 2 ml, 10 ml
• Sterilized 90 mm Glass Petridish
• Screw capped Conical Flask 100 ml
• Screw Capped Test Tube
• Volumetric Flask 500 ml
• Volumetric Flask 1000 ml

Media and Reagents:

• Casein Soyabean Digest Agar(CSDA)
• Casein Soyabean Digest Broth(CSDB)
• Cetrimide Agar
• Mac-Conkey Broth
• MacConkey Agar
• Mannitol Salt Agar
• Meat peptone
• Neutralized Peptone
• Rapport Vasiliadis Salmonella Broth
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate(XLD) Agar

All of these media can be purchased from commercial available manufacturer.

Others Requirements

• 70% IPA or ethanol
• 0.45 µm Membrane Filter
• Filtration Unit(sterilized filter disk and filtering funnel)
• Forceps
• Glass spreader
• Scissors
• Surgical Gloves
• Surgical Cotton

Types of Test for Microbiological Examination

Enumeration Method (TAMC &TYMC)

This test quantify enumeration of mesophilic bacteria & fungi which may grow under aerobic 

Condition.

Test Conditions

• Wear latex free gloves, Head gear, mask and beard cover [if required], before enter into Test Room
• Use 70% IPA or ethanol to disinfectant the hands, the outer surface of test sample, LAF workstation with before start test.
• Perform the test under LAF to avoid contamination.
• Monitor the test area microbiologically with the help of Microbial Air Sampler at each working day.

Culture Media Preparation

• Prepare the different culture media as per specific requirements.
• Weigh the exact amount stated in the manufacturer label into right flask.
• Bring to boil completely to dissolve the media properly.
• Sterilize at 121⁰C for 15 minutes or as directed by the Manufacturer label.
• Store the prepared culture media in air tight flask properly at controlled environment.
• Store the prepared agar media at 2-8⁰C.
• Preserve the dehydrated culture media up to expiry date.
• Never use the expired culture media.
• Use the agar media when the temperature reduce near at 45⁰C & cool in case of the broth media.

Stock Buffer Solution

• Place 34 g of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate[KH₂PO₄] in a 1000 ml volumetric flask
• Dissolve in 500 ml of purified water, adjust to pH [7.2 ± 0.2] & dilute to 1000ml with purified water.
• Dispense  90 ml into  each screw capped flask 
• Sterilize at 121⁰C for 15 minutes.
• Store the prepared buffer at 2-8⁰C for a validated period.

Glassware Cleaning & Sterilization

• Initially clean all glassware by 1% detergent & then rinse with sufficient tap water.
• Finally Rinse with sufficient Purified Water to remove the residual content of detergent.
• Sterilize glassware at 200⁰C for 1 hour.

Testing of Products

Sample Size

• Collect 10 g or 10 ml of the products to be taken. 10 containers of the products from a batch.
• Collect the amount is not less than the amount present in 10 dosage units or 10 g or 10 ml of the respective product,  if amount per dosage unit is less than or equal to 1 mg.
• Take 1% of the batch size when batch size is less than 1000 ml or 1000 gm.
• Take 2 units or 1 units if the batch size is less than 100.

Types of Method

• Membrane Filtration
• Most Probable Number Method
• Pour Plate Method
• Surface spread Method

Membrane Filtration Method

• Prepare sample as per Method Suitability.
• Filter the sample through 0.45 µm & transfer the filter to the surface of CSDA for bacterial count and SDA[Sabouraud Dextrose Agar] for fungal count.
• Incubate CSDA[Casein Soyabean Digest Agar] at [30-35]⁰C for 3-5 days & at [20-25]⁰C for 5-7 days.
• After incubation, calculate the number of the cfu per gm or ml of the product.

Negative Control

Use diluents in place of test preparations. There must be no sign of growth in negative control. If found any sign of growth in negative control, the test must be invalid and repeat the whole test accordingly.

Pour Plate Method

• Prepare the sample as per the Method Suitability
• Pour 1 ml of prepared sample into the four 90 mm petridish, Add 15-20 ml CSDA[Casein Soyabean Digest Agar] into two plate & SDA into the others two plate.
• Allow to solidify & invert all plates.
• Incubate CSDA at [30-35]⁰C for 3-5 days and at [20-25]⁰C for 5-7 days.
• After incubation, calculate the number of the cfu per gm or ml of the product.

Negative Control

Use diluents in place of test preparations. There must be no sign of growth in negative control. If found any sign of growth in negative control, the test must be invalid and repeat the whole test accordingly.

Surface spread Method

• Prepare the sample as per Method Suitability.
• Spread not less than 0.1 ml of sample on the surface of two CSDA[Casein Soyabean Digest Agar]  and two SDA[Sabouraud Dextrose Agar] Plate.
• Dry all plates at Laminar Air Flow.
• Incubate the CSDA at [20-25]⁰C for 5-7 days and at [30-35]⁰C for 3-5 days.
• After incubation, calculate the number of the cfu per gm or ml of the product.

Negative Control

Use diluents in place of test preparations. There must be no sign of growth in negative control. If found any sign of growth in negative control, the test must be invalid and repeat the whole test accordingly.

Interpretation of the results

Count as Total Yeast/ Mould Count (TYMC) on SDA plate and Total Aerobic Microbial Count(TAMC) in CSDA plate and The acceptable criterion for microbiological quality is prescribed as :

• 101 cfu : maximum acceptable count =20
• 102 cfu : maximum acceptable count =200
• 103 cfu : maximum acceptable count =2000

Declaration

• The Material/product is passed when the observed count is less than specified count of that Material/product.
• The Material/product is failed if the observed count is greater than specified count of that Material/product.
• In that case, repeat the test, if the count is greater than specified count, the product is failed.

Test for Specified Microorganisms

Suitability of Test Method

Cary out the test in presence of the product. Add each test strain distinctly not more than 100 cfu at the time of product mixing with the culture media.The test will be suitable if found growth of the specific microorganism. The test will not suitable if no growth found the specific microorganism. In thatcase, add any neutralizer or increase the dilution for removal any inhibition of product.

Testing of Products

Test for E. coli

• Add 10 g or 10 ml of test sample to the 90 ml of Casein Soyabean Digest Medium. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-24 hours.
• Shake the container then transfer 1 ml of CSDM to the 100 ml of MacConkey Broth. Incubate at [42-44]⁰C for 24 hours.
• Sub-culture on MacConkey Agar plate from MacConkey broth. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-72 hours.
• The product complies with the test for E. coli if no red colonies are present with precipitated zone and the biochemical tests found negative[-ve].

Test for Salmonella

• Add 10 g or 10 ml of test sample to the 90 ml of Casein Soyabean Digest Medium. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-24 hours.
• Shake the container; transfer 0.1 ml of CSDM to 10 ml of RVS [Rappaport Vassiliadis Salmonella] Broth. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C hours for 18-24 hours.
• Sub-culture on XLD [Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate] Agar plate from RVS [Rappaport Vassiliadis Salmonella] Broth . Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-48 hours.
• The product complies with the test for Salmonella if no red colonies are present with or without black centres and the biochemical tests are negative[-ve].

Test for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Add 10 g or 10 ml of test sample to the 90 ml of Casein Soyabean Digest Medium. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-24 hours.
• Sub-culture on Cetrimide Agar plate from CSDM [Casein Soyabean Digest Medium]. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 18-72 hours.
• The product complies with the test for Ps. aeruginosa if no bluish green colonies are present and the biochemical tests are negative[-ve].

Test for C. albicans

• Add 10 g or 10 ml of test sample to 90 ml of SDB [Soubaurad Dextrose Broth]. Incubate at [30-35]⁰C for 3-5 days.
• Sub-culture on SDA[Soubaurad Dextrose Agar] plate from [Soubaurad Dextrose Broth]. Incubate at 30-35⁰C for 24-48 hours.
• The product complies with the test for C. albicans if no white colonies are present and the   biochemical tests are negative[-ve].

Test Report Preparation

• Report the result in Microbial Count Report of Non-sterile RM, Annexure-I.
• Report the result in Microbial Count Report of Non-sterile Products, Annexure-II.

This is all about the Microbial Examination of Non-Sterile Raw Materials and Products and based on this information you can generate a SOP for Microbial Examination of Non-Sterile Raw Materials and Products.

Download all Annexure

Annexure I Microbial Count Report of Non-Sterile Raw Materials

Annexure II Microbial Count Report of Non-Sterile Products

Annexure III Non Sterile Raw Materials Log book

Annexure IV Non Sterile Products Log book

Culture Media Purpose

Culture Media, To make the culture media for the development of microorganisms in the microbiological test of raw materials, In-process sample & finished products.

Culture Media Scope

This designated SOP is applicable for the preparation of Culture Media in Microbiology Laboratory at XX Pharmaceuticals Limited.

Definitions/Abbreviation: 

Culture Media: The Culture media is a liquid or gel designed to support growth of microorganisms or cells  or small plants.  There are different type of media for growing different type of cells. 

There are two major types of growth media: those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast.

Responsibilities:

The roles and responsibilities are as follows:

Officer/Sr. Officer, Microbiology

To follow the instructions of the described procedure accordingly.

Asst. Manager/Manager, Microbiology

• Ensure that the procedure is kept up to date.
• Ensure right personnel from the section are trained on this specific procedure.
• Ensure the media preparation, sterilization, requisition, maintain accurate storage & proper documentation.
• To Confirm that this SOP is technically sound and reflects the required working practices as current practices.

Head of Quality Assurance

• Approval of SOP
• To ensure the overall implementation of the SOP

Procedure

Instructions

Dehydrated media are hygroscopic & are sensitive to light, heat and moisture. They are adversely affected by extreme changes in temperature e.g. hot/ cold cycling temperatures which may occur between day and night laboratory temperatures in winter season.

Condition of Media Preparation:

• Take clean & dry flask as per required volume.
• Wear appropriate Laboratory garments, gloves and mask.
• Wear safety goggles during selection of hazardous media.

Storage Condition of Dehydrated Media:

• Mention receipt date on the label when enter into laboratory.
• Store as per directions on the label; typically below 25⁰C in a dry area, away from direct sunlight,  autoclaves, drying ovens or other heat sources, Where indicated store at (2-8)⁰C.
• Check expiry date on the specific label, some media have suggestively shorter shelf life than others.
• Use/maintain stock in lot/batch number order. Maintain FIFO [First In First Out], FEFO [First Expiry First Out].
• Do not open a new bottle until the previous bottle has been emptied. Ensure date with label on the supplied container when it first opened.
• After intended use, ensure the container is tightly closed and store it into the designated storage area.
• Collect/procure/order the medium in an appropriate size of container and in a quantity which harmonies to normal use requirements.

• A medium in a large container which has been opened many times will deteriorate on storage. Discard the medium if the powder is not free flowing, if the colour has changed or if it   appears abnormal in any way.

• Temperature of media storage room/facility/area/location should be monitored through min./max. thermometer and limit shall be followed as per the media storage requirements.

• List of media having designated storage condition and specific pH limit shall be prepared as per Annexure-II and shall be displayed near media storage facilities.

pH Check:

Check pH of the specific medium before sterilization with calibrated pH meter. If required adjust the pH with the help of 1N or 0.1N NaOH and 1N or 0.1N HCl solutions.

Culture Media Preparation:

• Select the media as per specific requirements.
• Read the instructions on the label very carefully before preparation of the specific media.
• Weigh the media according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the supplied media.
• Close the media container tightly just after weighing in order to avoid the moisture acquisition.
• Reconstitute the media with purified water and boil it appropriately until entirely dissolve.
• Distribute the reconstituted media into clean and dry flask as per requirements.
• Cap the flask using cotton plug or screw cap appropriately.
• Transfer the media flask into the detest room for use if instructed on the label as “DO NOT AUTOCLAVE” the media.

Sterilization:

• Place all prepared media into the autoclave.
• Sterilize the media at 121⁰C for 15 minutes.
• Wait until completion of cycle, and collect sterilized media from the autoclave when the chamber temperature reduce at 60⁰C.

Storage of Sterilized culture Media:

• After completion of autoclaving activities, transfer all flasks containing the broth media to the test room for use.
• Store the agar media at the warming condition (50⁰C) into autoclave until use.
• Do not keep the prepared media for more than two weeks [14 days].
• Keep the prepared agar plate at (2-8)⁰C into the refrigerator for not more than two weeks.

Handling of Sterilized culture Media:

• Ensure the aseptic condition during handle of sterilized media.
• Do not de-cap or expose the sterilized media outside Laminar Air Flow or Bio-Safety Cabinet.

Record Keeping:

Keep in practice to Maintain Register for Media Preparation Record, Annexure-I and Annexure-II to keep record for list of media with storage condition and pH limit.

List of Annexure: Download Here

Annexure I Register of Media Preparation

Annexure II List of Media with storage condition and pH Limit